Race, sex and depression-free life expectancy in Brazil, 1998–2013

© Invalid date by the Authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC-by the license) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )

Download PDF

Cite

XML

Abstract

Depression brings a great burden of disease to Brazil. This study investigates depression-free life expectancy (DFLE) between 1998 and 2013 in the country. We used data from Brazilian National Household Survey, National Health Survey and Life Tables provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics considering individuals 30 years and older. DFLE by race and sex was calculated using the Sullivan method. We observed improvements in DFLE over time, for all race/color groups. In general, men had a smaller share of years lived with depression when compared to women within the same race groups. Compared to whites, blacks/ browns and people of other races/colors had the highest DFLE for both men and women. White women had the lowest percentage of DFLE. Blacks displayed better estimates of DFLE and lower number of years living with depression than whites, despite the evidence of worse health outcomes depicted in the literature. Further research is needed to understand the lower depression prevalence found for blacks that reflects directly into a higher DFLE.

Keywords

race

health inequalities

healthy life expectancy

depression-free life expectancy

Brazil

References

[1]

Albert PR (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 40(4): 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205.

[2]

Alves LC and Arruda NM (2017). Socioeconomic differentials and disease-free life expectancy of the elderly in Brazil. International Journal of Populations Studies, 3(1): 64–78.

[3]

Andrade LHSG, Viana MC and Silveira CM (2006). Epidemiology of women’s psychiatric disorders [Epidemiology of women's psychiatric disorders]. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica [Archives of Clinical Psychiatry], 33(2): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832006000200003.

[4]

Andrade F, Corona L, Lebrão M, et al. (2014). Life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment among Brazilian older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 58: 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.10.007.

[5]

Andrade FCD, Wu F, Lebrão ML, et al. (2016). Life expectancy without depression increases among Brazilian older adults. Revista de Saúde Pública, 50:12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050005900.

[6]

Barr D (2008). Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity, and health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

[7]

Bebbington P, Dunn G, Jenkins R, et al. (2003). The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. International Review of Psychiatry, 15: 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954026021000045976.

[8]

Bone M, Bebbington A and Nicolaas G (1998). Policy applications of health expectancy. Journal of Aging and Health, 10: 136–153.

[9]

Bugard S, Castiglione D, Lin K, et al. (2017). Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States. Reports in Public Health, 33 Sup 1: 1:e00110516. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00110516.

[10]

Camargos MCS, Perpétuo IHO and Machado CJ (2005). Expectativa de vida com incapacidade funcional em idosos em São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Panamerica de Salud Pública [In Portuguese]. Pan Americal Journal of Public Health, 17(5–6): 379–386.

[11]

Campolina AG, Adami F, Santos JLF, et al. (2013). A transição de saúde e as mudanças na expectativa de vida saudável da população idosa: Possíveis impactos da prevenção de doenças crônicas [In Portuguese].The health transition and changes in healthy life expectancy in the elderly population: Possible impacts of chronic disease prevention. Reports in Public Health, 29(6): 1217–1229.

[12]

Carvalho JAM and Garcia RA (2003). O envelhecimento da população brasileira: um enfoque demográfico [In Portuguese].The aging process in the Brazilian population: A demographic approach. Reports in Public Health, 19(3): 109–118.

[13]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2016). Hyattsville, Maryland.

[14]

Chiavegatto Filho A, Beltrán-Sánchez H and Kawachi I (2014). Racial disparities in life expectancy in Brazil: Challenges from a multiracial society. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11): 2156–2163. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301565.

[15]

Chor D and Lima C (2005). Aspectos epidemiológicos das desigualdades raciais em saúde no Brasil [In Portuguese]. Epidemiologic aspects of racial inequalities in health. Reports in Public Health, 21(5): 1586–1594. https://doi.org/S0102-311X2005000500033.

[16]

Chor D (2013). Desigualdades em saúde no Brasil: É preciso ter raça [in English, Portuguese]. Health inequalities in Brazil: Race matters. Cadernos de Saúde Pública [Reports in Public Health], 29(7): 1272–1275.

[17]

Fiorio N, Flor L, Padilha M, et al. (2011). Mortalidade por raça/cor: Evidências de desigualdades sociais em Vitória (ES), Brasil [In Portuguese]. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 14(3):522–530.

[18]

Imai K and Soneji S (2007). On the estimation of disability-free life expectancy. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102: 1199–1211. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214507000000040.

[19]

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2010). http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/tabuas_abreviadas_mortalidade/2010/default.shtm. [In Portuguese]

[20]

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2013). http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/projecao_da_populacao/2013/default_tab.shtm. [In Portuguese]

[21]

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2014). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde: percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis [In Portuguese]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.

[22]

Jackson JS, Hudson D, Kershaw K, et al. (2011). Discrimination, chronic stress, and mortality among black Americans: A life course framework. In: Rogers RG and Crimmins EM (Eds.), International handbook of adult mortality (pp. 311–328). New York (NY): Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_15.

[23]

Jagger C, Hauet E and Brouard N (2001). Health expectancy calculation by the Sullivan method: Apractical guide. https://reves.site.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/20184/rp408.en.pdf.

[24]

Keppel K (2007). Ten largest racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States based on Healthy People 2010 Objectives. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166: 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm261.

[25]

Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51: 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002.

[26]

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52: 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012.

[27]

LaVeist T (2005). Minority populations and health: an introduction to health disparities in the United States. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

[28]

Leite I, Valente J, Schramm J, et al. (2015). Burden of disease in Brazil and its regions, 2008. Reports in Public Health, 31(7): 1551–1564. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00111614.

[29]

Patten SB, Wang JL, Williams JV, et al. (2006). Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100204.

[30]

Piccinelli, Marco, Gomez Homen, Francesca, WHO Nations for Mental Health Initiative & World Health Organization. Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse. (‎1997)‎. Gender differences in the epidemiology of affective disorders and schizophrenia / Marco Piccinelli and Francesca Gomez Homen; with a foreword by M. Tansella. Geneva : World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/63505

[31]

Reynolds SL, Haley WE and Kozlenko N (2008). The impact of depressive symptoms and chronic diseases on active life expectancy in older Americans. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(5): 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31816ff32e.

[32]

Riolo SA, Nguyen TA, Greden JF, et al. (2005). Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 95: 998–1000. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225.

[33]

Romero DE, Leite IC and Szwarcwald CL (2005). Healthy life expectancy in Brazil: Applying the Sullivan method. Reports in Public Health, 21: S7–S18. https://doi.org/S0102-311X2005000700002.

[34]

Silva M, Galvao T, Martins S, et al. (2014). Prevalence of depression morbidity among Brazilian adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(3): 262–270.

[35]

Souza P, Ribeiro C and Carvalhaes F (2010). Desigualdade de oportunidades no Brasil: Considerações sobre classe, educação e raça [In Portuguese]. Inequality in opportunities in Brazil: Considerations about class, education, and race. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 25: 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69092010000200005.

[36]

Stopa SR, Malta DC, de Oliveira MM, et al. (2015). Prevalence of self-reported depression in Brazil: 2013 National Health Survey results. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 18(S2): 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201500060015.

[37]

Sullivan DF (1971). A single index of mortality and morbidity. HSMHA Health Reports, 86(4): 347–354.

[38]

Tareque M and Saito Y (2017). Gender differences in hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh. International Journal of Population Studies, 3(1): 110–120.

[39]

Ware D and Livingston I (2004). The life expectancy of the black male: pressing issues from the cradle to the grave. In Praeger handbook of Black American health: policies and issues behind disparities in health, ed. I. L. Livingston. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.

[40]

Williams D and Mohammed S (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. Journal Behavioral Medicine, 32: 20–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0.

[41]

World Health Organization (2016). Depression Fact Sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Accessed on Sept. 25, 2016.

[42]

World Health Organization. (2017). http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/ Accessed on Feb. 7, 2017.

[43]

Zimmer Z, Hidajat M and Saito Y (2015). Changes in total and disability-free life expectancy among older adults in China: Do they portend a compression of morbidity? International Journal of Population Studies, 1(1): 4–18.

Previous article in this issue

Next article in this issue

International Journal of Population Studies, Electronic ISSN: 2424-8606 Print ISSN: 2424-8150, Published by AccScience Publishing